The
Science Notebook
Lionel Chem-Lab
- Chapter 21
NOTE: This book was published in 1942 as a manual to
accompany several Lionel Chemistry sets of the time. While
some of the experiments and activities here may be safely
done as written, a number of them use chemicals and methods no
longer considered safe. In addition, much of the
information contained in this book about chemistry and other
subjects is outdated and some of it is inaccurate.
Therefore, this book is probably best appreciated for its
historical value rather than as a source for current information
and good experiments. If you try
anything here, please understand that you do so at your
own risk. See our Terms of Use.
Pages 221 - 228
CHAPTER XXI
DYES AND DYEING PROCESSES
Aniline dyes, or dyes obtained from coal tar,
have largely replaced those obtained from animal and plant
sources. Some dyes are water soluble and will dye cloth when it is
simply dipped into the solution. This is known as direct dyeing. Congo red is an example of
such a dye.
Numerous other dyes require an assisting
material known as a mordant before they will dye fabrics. Aluminum
hydroxide is frequently used for this purpose.
EXPERIMENT No. 554 Dark Blue Dye For Fabrics
(CL-11, CL-22, CL-33, CL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Sodium ferrocyanide, ferric ammonium sulfate, tumbler, test tube and
piece of cloth.
PROCEDURE:
Dissolve three measures of sodium ferrocyanide in a test tube half
full of water. Soak the cloth well in this solution and then remove
and dry. Dissolve two measures of ferric ammonium sulfate in a test
tube half full of water. Dampen the cloth with this solution and
note the dark blue dye.
SUMMARY:
Sodium ferrocyanide and ferric ammonium sulfate form the dark blue
dye (Prussian Blue).
EXPERIMENT No. 555 Preparation Of A Chrome-yellow
Dye
(CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Sodium chromate, tannic acid, test tubes, piece of white cloth.
PROCEDURE:
Dissolve two measures of tannic acid in a test tube one quartet full
of water. Add one quarter measure of sodium chromate and shake well.
Soak the cloth in the solution, then remove and dry thoroughly.
Chromic salts impart a beautiful yellow color to fabrics. These
colors are usually "fast" colors, that is, they do not fade easily.
EXPERIMENT No. 556 Brown Dye For Fabrics
(CL-11, CL-22, CL-33, CL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Sodium carbonate, ferric ammonium sulfate, piece of cloth and test
tubes.
221
222 DYES
AND DYEING PROCESSES
PROCEDURE:
Dissolve three measures of sodium carbonate in a test tube half full
of water. Pour a little of this solution on the cloth and allow to
dry. Dissolve three measures of ferric ammonium sulfate in a test
tube half full of water. Dampen cloth with this solution and note
the brown dye. Sodium carbonate reacts with ferric ammonium sulfate
to form a brown dye.
EXPERIMENT No. 557 Black Dye For Fabrics
CL-11, CL-22, CL-33, CL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Tannic acid, ferric ammonium sulfate, piece of cloth and test tube.
PROCEDURE:
Dissolve three measures of tannic acid in a test tube half full of
water. Pour a little of this solution on the cloth and allow to dry.
Dissolve three measures of ferric ammonium sulfate in another test
tube half full of water. Dampen the cloth with this solution. A
black dye results from the reaction between tannic acid and ferric
ammonium sulfate.
EXPERIMENT No. 558 Red Dye For Fabrics
(CL-33, CL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Sodium salicylate, ferric ammonium sulfate, a piece of cloth and
test tubes.
PROCEDURE:
Dissolve a measure of sodium salicylate in a test tube half full of
water. Pour a little of this solution on the cloth and allow to dry.
Dissolve two measures of ferric ammonium sulfate in another test
tube half full of water. Soak the cloth and note the red dye color.
SUMMARY:
Sodium salicylate reacts with ferric ammonium sulfate to form a red
dye.
EXPERIMENT No. 559 Sulfur Brown
(CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Sulfur, glycerine, sodium carbonate, alcohol lamp or candle, test
tube.
PROCEDURE:
Mix in a test tube one measure of sulfur, one measure of sodium
carbonate, and four drops of glycerine. Heat carefully for several
minutes, keeping your face away from the mouth of the test tube.
Allow the test tube to cool, then add some water. Shake vigorously,
then pour the solution into a glass half full of water. This is a
sulfur brown dye.
EXPERIMENT No. 560 Sulfur Black
(CL-11, CL-22, CL-33, CL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Tannic acid, sulfur, sodium carbonate, test tube, a
LIONEL
CHEM-LAB 223
glass, alcohol lamp or candle.
PROCEDURE:
Mix one measure of tannic acid, one measure of sodium carbonate and
one measure of sulfur in a test tube. Heat carefully for several
minutes keeping your face away from the test tube. Allow test tube
to cool, then fill it half full of water. Shake vigorously, then
pour the solution into a drinking glass. Repeat adding more water if
some dye remains in the test tube. Note the deep black dye.
EXPERIMENT No. 561 Green Sulfur Dye
(CL-11, CL-22, CL-33, CL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Sulfur, sodium carbonate and a piece of fat.
PROCEDURE:
Mix three measures of sulfur, three measures of sodium carbonate and
a small piece of fat in a test tube. Heat carefully. Discontinue
heating when the ingredients in the test tube assume a solid dark
color. Fill the test tube half full of water and shake vigorously.
SUMMARY:
When sulfur is heated in the presence of an alkali, such as sodium
carbonate, and an organic substance, such as fat, a green sulfur dye
results.
EXPERIMENT No. 562 Logwood Extract In Acids And
Bases
(CL-33, CL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Logwood, sodium bisulfate, sodium carbonate, test tubes.
PROCEDURE:
Place a small portion of logwood in a test tube one quarter full of
water. Heat until the solution is well colored. Dissolve two
measures of sodium bisulfate in another test tube half full of
water. Add a few drops of logwood solution and note the yellow
color. Dissolve two measures of sodium carbonate in a third test
tube half full of water. Pour into this a few drops of logwood
solution and note the purple color.
SUMMARY:
In the presence of an acid, red logwood solution is yellow and in
the presence of a base, it is purple.
EXPERIMENT No. 563 Ferric Ammonium Sulfate And
Logwood
(CL-33, CL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Logwood, ferric ammonium sulfate and test tubes.
PROCEDURE:
Place a small portion of logwood in a test tube one quarter full of
water and boil solution to get a good color. Dissolve one measure of
ferric ammonium sulfate in another test tube one quarter filled with
water. Mix the two solutions and note the resulting color. The red
logwood solution reacts with ferric ammonium sulfate to form a deep
brown.
224 DYES
AND DYEING PROCESSES
EXPERIMENT No. 564 Gray Dye For Silk
(CL-33, CL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Logwood, sodium bisulfate, silk and tumbler.
PROCEDURE:
Dissolve three measures of sodium bisulfate in a test tube half full
of Water. Place two measures of logwood in another test tube one
quarter filled with water and heat until a deep color sets in. Place
the contents of both tubes in a tumbler together with a piece of
silk. Let stand for several minutes. Remove silk and wash it and
note the gray color.
EXPERIMENT No. 565 Green Logwood Dye
(CL-55, CL-66, GL-77)
APPARATUS:
Logwood, copper sulfate and test tubes.
PROCEDURE:
Place a small portion of logwood in a test tube one quarter filled
with water. Heat. Dissolve two measures of copper sulfate in another
test tube one quarter full of water. Mix the two solutions and an
olive-green logwood color will result.
EXPERIMENT No. 566 Dark Red Logwood Dye
(CL-33, CL-44, CL-55. CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Logwood, cobalt chloride, test tube, alcohol lamp or candle.
PROCEDURE: Boil a
small piece of logwood in a test tube one quarter filled with water.
Dissolve two measures of cobalt chloride in another test tube one
third filled with water. Mix the two solutions, and note the dark
red color.
EXPERIMENT No. 567 Mordant Dyeing
(CL-83, GL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Logwood, aluminum sulfate, sodium carbonate, two pieces of white
cloth, test tube, glass.
PROCEDURE:
Boil a few pieces of logwood in a test tube nearly filled with water
and allow to stand a half hour. Dissolve three measures of aluminum
sulfate in another test tube half full of water. Pour this over one
piece of cloth and set it aside to dry. Add three measures of sodium
carbonate to the logwood solution and pour the contents into a
glass. Stir well. Place the plain white cloth and the cloth
containing the aluminum sulfate in this solution for fifteen
minutes. Remove both pieces and note the two different shades of
dye.
SUMMARY:
Aluminum sulfate when used as a mordant, reacts first with the cloth
fibers and then with the dye. In this manner, cloth is dyed "fast".
LIONEL
CHEM-LAB 225
EXPERIMENT No. 568 Copper-Green Dye
(CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Tannic acid, copper sulfate, ammonium hydroxide, sodium chromate and
test tubes.
PROCEDURE:
Dissolve one measure of tannic acid in a test tube one quarter full
of water. Add one measure of copper sulfate and one quarter measure
of sodium chromate. Shake to dissolve the crystals, then add two
drops of ammonium hydroxide and the result will be a green dye.
EXPERIMENT No. 569 Magnesium Dye
(CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Magnesium sulfate, sodium chromate, tannic acid and test tubes.
PROCEDURE:
Dissolve one measure of tannic acid in a test tube one quarter full
of water. Add one measure of magnesium sulfate and half a measure of
sodium chromate. Shake test tube until all the solid dissolves.
SUMMARY:
Magnesium in the presence of chromic salt and tannic acid forms an
olive-green dye.
EXPERIMENT No. 570 Emerald-green Dye
(CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Logwood, copper sulfate and test tubes.
PROCEDURE:
Place a small portion of logwood and one measure of copper sulfate
in a test tube one quarter full of water. Heat until a deep color
sets in.
SUMMARY:
Logwood and copper sulfate form an emerald-green dye.
EXPERIMENT No. 571 Light Blue Dye For Fabrics
(CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Sodium ferrocyanide, ferrous ammonium sulfate, tumblers and cloth.
PROCEDURE:
Dissolve Five measures of sodium ferrocyanide in a test tube half
full of water. Soak the cloth in this solution and allow to dry.
Dissolve three measures of ferrous ammonium sulfate in a test tube
half full of water. Immerse the same cloth in this solution and soak
well. Remove the cloth from the test tube and note that the cloth is
dyed light blue.
EXPERIMENT No. 572 A Dye From A Tree Bark
(CL-11, CL-22, CL-33, CL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Barberry twigs, test tube, alcohol lamp or candle.
226 DYES
AND DYEING PROCESSES
PROCEDURE:
Place a few pieces of the bark in a test tube half full of water.
Boil solution until a good yellow color is obtained.
EXPERIMENT No. 573 Dye From Horse Chestnut
Bark
(CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Horse chestnut bark, ammonium hydroxide and test tube.
PROCEDURE:
Place a small piece of bark and six drops of ammonium hydroxide in a
test tube one quarter full of water. Allow solution to stand for a
few minutes. Note the streamers of blue dye coming from the bark
chips.
EXPERIMENT No. 574 How To Dye Cotton Cloth
Beige
(CL-L1, CL-22, CL-33, CL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Ferric ammonium sulfate, sodium carbonate, tumbler, test tubes and
soap.
PROCEDURE:
Dissolve two measures of ferric ammonium sulfate in a test tube full
of water. Place the cloth in a tumbler and pour the ferric ammonium
sulfate solution over it. Set aside for ten minutes and then wring
the cloth dry and place it in the bottom of a glass. Dissolve two
measures of sodium carbonate in a test tube half full of water. Add
this solution to the glass and soak the cloth for five minutes.
Remove and wring the cloth dry. Prepare a soap solution by boiling a
little soap in a test tube half full of water. Dip the cloth in the
soap solution and note the resulting color.
EXPERIMENT No. 575 Dyeing With Paint
(CL-11, CL-22, CL-33, CL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77) `
APPARATUS:
Colored oil paint, gasoline and test tubes.
PROCEDURE:
Place a little colored paint in a test tube. Dilute with half a test
tube of gasoline. Immerse a piece of silk several times in the paint
dye, then set aside to dry. This is a simple way to dye silk.
EXPERIMENT No. 576 Extracting Color From A Dye
(CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Mixed dyes, powdered charcoal, test tubes, stirring rod.
PROCEDURE:
Dissolve one measure of mixed dyes in a test tube half full of
water. Add three measures of powdered charcoal. Stir the contents
thoroughly. Filter solution and note that the filtrate
is colorless. Charcoal absorbs the color.
LIONEL
CHEM-LAB 227
EXPERIMENT No. 577 Making A Fugitive Dye
(CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Ammonium hydroxide, Benedict’s solution, "soda-pop", phenolphthalein
solution, piece of cloth, alcohol lamp or candle.
PROCEDURE:
Place ten drops of “soda-pop" in a test tube. Add two drops of
Benedict’s solution. Heat solution until the blue color turns to
orange. Allow to cool, then add three drops of ammonium hydroxide.
Shake well, add two drops of phenolphthalein solution and note the
pink color. Drop a piece of clean white cloth into the test tube and
heat the solution for a few minutes. Remove the cloth and let it
stand for twenty-four hours. Examine the material and note that the
pink color has disappeared.
EXPERIMENT No. 578 Making A Fugitive Dye Reappear
(CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Ammonium hydroxide, Benedict’s solution, "soda-pop," phenolphthalein
solution, piece of white cloth, alcohol lamp or candle.
PROCEDURE:
Place ten drops of soda in a test tube. Add two drops of Benedict’s
solution. Heat solution until the blue color turns orange. Let
solution cool, then add three drops of ammonium hydroxide. Shake
well, then add two drops of phenolphthalein solution and note the
pink color. Drop a piece of clean white cloth into the test tube.
Heat the solution for a few minutes. Remove the dyed cloth from the
solution and let it stand for twenty-four hours. Note how the color
of the material has disappeared. Now add one drop of ammonium
hydroxide. Note that the pink color mysteriously reappears.
EXPERIMENT No. 579 How Precipitate Absorbs Color
(CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Aluminum sulfate, ammonium molybdate, ammonium hydroxide or
household ammonia, test tubes, table knife, funnel, filter paper and
eye dropper.
PROCEDURE:
Mix four measures of cane sugar, two measures of ammonium molybdate,
two measures of sodium bisulfate in a test tube and heat gently.
Remove test tube from flame when heavy fumes appear. Fill the tube
half full of water to make molybdenum blue. Dissolve three measures
of aluminum sulfate in another test tube half full of water; add a
few drops of ammonium hydroxide and note the precipitate. Filter and
remove the precipitate from the filter paper. Place the precipitate
in a glass, adding one test tube full of water and several drops of
molybdenum blue. Mix thoroughly. Note how the precipitate absorbs
the blue color.
228 DYES
AND DYEING PROCESSES
EXPERIMENT No. 580 Bleaching Newspaper
(CL-44, CL-55, CL-G6, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Ferric ammonium sulfate, sodium bisulfate, sodium iodide, test
tubes.
PROCEDURE:
Dissolve one measure of ferric ammonium sulfate in a test tube one
quarter full of water. Dissolve one measure of sodium bisulfate in
another test tube containing the same amount of water. Mix the two
solutions. Dip a piece of newspaper into this solution and set aside
to dry. When dry, paint over the paper with some sodium iodide
solution and note that the paper becomes bleached.
EXPERIMENT No. 581 Bleaching With Hydrogen
Peroxide
(CL-11, CL-22, CL-33, CL-44, CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Wool, hydrogen peroxide (drug store), test tube.
PROCEDURE:
Fill a test tube half full of hydrogen peroxide. Drop a piece of
colored wool into the test tube. Let it soak for a minute, then
remove and examine. Note how the hydrogen peroxide, an oxidizing
agent, has bleached the wool.
EXPERIMENT No. 582 Bleaching Wool
(CL-55, CL-66, CL-77)
APPARATUS:
Wool, glycerine, sodium carbonate, calcium oxide, test tubes, Hlter
paper and funnel.
PROCEDURE:
Dissolve two measures of sodium carbonate in a test tube. Dissolve
one measure of calcium oxide in another test tube. Mix the two
solutions. Filter and collect the filtrate in a clean test tube.
Immerse the wool in the filtrate and note how it is bleached.
"The Science Notebook"
Copyright 2008-2018 - Norman Young